Giáo án Language

Ss activate prior knowledge about urban life and preview the topic vocabulary of the unit.

Ss look at three teacher-prepared pictures (an urban street, a new bus station, a quiet park) and answer two questions: 1) What changes can you see in these places? 2) Which words from the unit can describe them? Then Ss match the six topic expressions with their meanings (Exercise 9): urbanisation (đô thị hoá), urban share (tỉ lệ dân thành thị), infrastructure (cơ sở hạ tầng), congestion (ùn tắc), housing (nhà ở), percentage point (điểm phần trăm).

• Ss describe changes orally, for example: 'The street has become busier.' / 'The park is becoming quieter.'
• Correct matching: urbanisation – đô thị hoá; urban share – tỉ lệ dân thành thị; infrastructure – cơ sở hạ tầng; congestion – ùn tắc; housing – nhà ở; percentage point – điểm phần trăm.

Ss recognise and produce weak forms of articles, pronouns, prepositions and uncontrasted auxiliaries, and stress the content words that carry the main beats.

T plays the sentence 'The bus can take us to the centre.' Ss listen and identify the content words (bus, take, centre). T explains that articles, pronouns, prepositions and uncontrasted auxiliaries are often weak: the /ðə/, can /kən/, to /tə/. T then contrasts the stressed form: 'I said CAN, not cannot' (can /kæn/). Ss practise chorally and in pairs, then complete Part A of Worksheet 1.

• Content words that carry the main beats: bus, take, centre.
• Weak forms: the /ðə/, can /kən/, to /tə/.
• Rule written by Ss in their notebooks: Weak forms depend on focus. When can is contrasted (to correct someone who says it cannot), can is stressed /kæn/. Keep the message intelligible.

Ss form and use the present perfect to connect past change with now, and use for, since and 'It is the first time + present perfect' in context.

T presents the sentence 'The area has become busier.' and draws a timeline from the past to now. T asks: 'Did the change happen in the past? Is the change still connected to now?' T presents the form have/has + past participle, then contrasts for (a period of time: for the last decade) with since (a starting point: since 2018). T presents the example 'It is the first time I have visited this district.' Ss complete the grammar table on Worksheet 1, Part B.

• Form: S + have/has + past participle (has become, have lived).
• For + period of time: The area has become busier over the last decade. / for the last decade.
• Since + starting point: We have lived here since 2018.
• Experience: It is the first time I have visited this district.
• Key concept: the present perfect connects a past change or experience with now.

Ss form and use double comparatives to show progressive change and correlative comparatives to show association.

T writes two groups of examples on the board. Group 1 (double comparatives): The streets are becoming busier and busier. Housing is getting more and more expensive. The park has become less and less noisy. Group 2 (correlative comparatives): The more people travel, the more capacity is needed. The quieter the route, the easier it is to hear birds. Ss sort the adjectives busy, expensive, noisy, crowded, quiet into the rules: short adjectives take -er and -er; long adjectives take more and more or less and less. Then Ss make one sentence each using the topic vocabulary.

• Double comparatives: short adjective: busy → busier and busier; long adjective: expensive → more and more expensive; crowded → more and more crowded; decrease: less and less quiet.
• Correlative comparatives: The + comparative, the + comparative (The more people travel, the more capacity is needed).
• Examples are illustrative only, not claims about a real place.
• Ss' own sentence example: 'The traffic is becoming heavier and heavier.' / 'The more infrastructure we build, the better the congestion can be managed.'

Ss apply the present perfect, for/since, comparatives and percentage points to choose the correct answers in context.

Ss complete Exercises 1 to 8 in Worksheet 2 individually. Then they check in pairs. T calls on Ss to explain their answers. Exercise 8 is discussed in class: a share rises from 20% to 30%, so the increase is 10 percentage points, while the relative increase is 50%. Exercise 9 (topic vocabulary) is reviewed quickly. Ss may also check their answers on the NeoEdu interactive exercises.

• 1. B (The area has become busier over the last decade: has become).
• 2. B (It is the first time I have visited this district.).
• 3. D (The streets are becoming busier and busier.).
• 4. D (Housing is getting more and more expensive.).
• 5. D (The quieter the route, the easier it is to hear birds.).
• 6. B (We have lived here since 2018.).
• 7. D (The park has become less and less noisy as traffic is diverted.).
• 8. B (30 − 20 = 10 percentage points; relative increase $(30-20) \div 20 \times 100\% = 50\%$, so 10 percentage points is the correct answer, not 50%.).
• 9. Topic vocabulary: urbanisation – đô thị hoá; urban share – tỉ lệ dân thành thị; infrastructure – cơ sở hạ tầng; congestion – ùn tắc; housing – nhà ở; percentage point – điểm phần trăm.

Ss use the target language to describe changes in their own neighbourhood and practise weak forms and rhythm in connected speech.

Ss write a short paragraph of five sentences about changes in their own neighbourhood or school. The paragraph must include: one present perfect sentence with for or since, one sentence with 'It is the first time + present perfect', one double comparative, one correlative comparative, and one sentence about a share change with percentage points (if the data is known). Then Ss read the paragraph aloud twice: first slowly, then at natural pace, and self-assess with the rubric (content 4, pronunciation 3, rhythm and intonation 2, accuracy 1).

• A model paragraph: 'My neighbourhood has changed a lot since 2015. The streets have become busier and busier. It is the first time I have seen so much traffic here. The more shops open, the more people come to the area. If the share of residents living in the city rises from 20% to 30%, the increase is 10 percentage points.'
• Note: the model is an example for practice. Ss must not present it as a true observation of a real place unless they have checked the facts.
• Rubric (10 points): content 4; pronunciation 3 (weak forms of the, to, can); rhythm and intonation 2; accuracy 1.